Atrial Fibrillation with High Stroke Risk and Bleeding Risk
Ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Arteries (INOCA) is a condition in which a person experiences symptoms of heart ischemia—such as chest pain (angina) and shortness of breath—despite having no significant blockages or narrowing in the large coronary arteries. Ischemia occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to meet the heart muscle’s oxygen demands, but in INOCA, the typical cause (obstructive coronary artery disease) is not present.
Ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Arteries can be caused by problems in the small blood vessels of the heart (microvascular dysfunction) or other non-obstructive issues affecting coronary artery function such as:
The symptoms of Ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Arteries are similar to those of traditional coronary artery disease and include:
Comprehensive Coronary Physiology Evaluation
Vasospastic Angina Testing by AcetylCholine Challenge